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Ants

    Kingdom: Animalia
    Division: Arthropoda
    Subdivision: Hexapoda
    Class: Insecta
    Subclass: Pterygota
    Infraclass: Neoptera
    Order: Hymenoptera
    Suborder: Apocrita
    Infraorder: Aculeata
    Superfamily: Vespoidea
    Family: Formicidae

Word Helper

Myrmecophily: pollination by ants.

Myrmecophilous: plants that are pollinated by ants.

Ants as Pollinators

An ant, Formica incerta, covered in pollen, feeding at wild carrot (Daucus spp.) nectaries.
An ant (Formica incerta) covered in pollen, feeding at wild
carrot (Daucus spp.) nectaries. Photo copyright Alex Wild,
www.myrmecos.net.

Ants (Order: Hymenoptera; Family: Formicidae) are highly social insects and are often associated in one way or another with plants. Ants sometimes form mutualistic relationships with plants, which may benefit from ant predation on plant herbivores or seed dispersal by ants. However, there are relatively few examples of pollination by ants. 

In some cases, ants actually appear to interfere with pollination, sometimes reducing plant reproductive output: they may consume nectar without providing the plant with any reproductive benefit; they are aggressive toward other insects, including pollinators; they can destroy floral tissue; and their secretions may reduce pollen viability.  Some plants appear to have evolved means of minimizing ant visitation to their flowers. In one example of ant interference with pollination, the ant, Crematogaster scutellaris, is a major predator of the fig wasp, which forms an obligate pollination mutualism with the Mediterranean fig tree (Genus: Ficus L.) (Reference: Complex interactions on fig trees: ants capturing parasitic wasps as possible indirect mutualists of the fig - fig wasp interaction, B. Schatz, M. Proffit, B. V. Rakhi, R. M. Borges, and M. Hossaert-McKey, In OIKOS, Volume 113, pages 344-352, 2006).

Ant Conservation and Monitoring Resources
Showing 7 of 7
1.
AntWeb
As described on the Web site: AntWeb provides tools for exploring the diversity and identification of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). These tools have been developed to encourage the study of ants, to facilitate the use of ants in inventory and...
2.
Aquatic Invertebrates of Alberta Online Textbook
All major groups of Alberta's aquatic invertebrates are covered. Each taxon chapter has a section on collecting, information on collecting sites, preserving, and biology of the group. Seven black and white photographs, 203 colored photographs 133...
3.
Conservation of Pollinating Species News Article
From site "Pollinating animals are critically important to the maintenance of virtually all terrestrial ecosystems,yet the population status of most pollinating species often goes unnoticed. Butterflies,moths,bats,birds,bees,beetles,flies,ants,and...
4.
Gap Analysis Bulletin No. 7
The 1998 issue of the Gap Analysis Bulletin is the seventh of a series of annual bulletins produced by the National Gap Analysis Program. The bulletin features 17 articles and nine notes on various aspects of gap analysis methods and results. Topics...
5.
Population Genetic Aspects of Pollinator Decline
Abstract: "We reviewed the theory of conservation genetics, with special emphasis on the influence of haplodiploidy and other aspects of bee biology upon conservation genetic parameters. We then investigated the possibility that pollinator decline can...
6.
Species Composition and Trophic Structure of Insect Communities in Texas Prairies
Abstract: "Species composition and trophic structure of the insect community were compared between coastal and central prairies of Texas. Species diversity was higher in the coastal prairie, but average richness per habitat and among-habitat diversity...
7.
Use of diploid male frequency data as an indicator of pollinator decline
Scientific journal article providing evidence, with a focus on an orchid bee, suggesting that census data on pollinator populations may be misleading. Quoting from the abstract: "We caution that although some pollinators appear abundant on the basis...

1

Sacrificing For the Good of the Colony

Ants and many bees and wasps are eusocial - meaning they are socially highly organized. Eusocial insects are reproductively specialized, with a reproductive division of labor often involving sterile members caring for the reproductive members. Other defining features of eusociality are overlapping of generations and cooperative care of the young. All ants are eusocial with morphologically different workers and queens. Some bee and wasp species, including honey bees ( Apis mellifera ), carpenter bees ( Xylocopa spp.), bumble bees ( Bombus spp.), paper wasps ( Polistes spp.), and yellowjackets ( Vespula spp.) also exhibit eusociality. Interestingly, humans are also defined as eusocial. (Reference: Social Behavior of Polistine Wasps, Joan E. Strassman, November 8, 2006).

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